A Block Introduction to Law 9/10 - Today we'll start by looking at the parties to an offense; from the Halton District School Board in Ontario:
The Perpetrator: is the person who actually commits the criminal offence. When more than one person is directly involved in committing a crime, they are called co-perpetrators. In every case, the person actually has to be present at the scene of the offence to be identified as either a perpetrator of co-perpetrator. A person who commits an offence, aids a person to commit an offence, or abets a person in committing an offence is defined as a party to an offence under section 21 of the Criminal Code.
Aiding and Abetting: Aiding means helping a perpetrator commit a crime. To aid the perpetrator, one does not have to be present when the offence is committed. Abet means to encourage without actually providing physical assistance. Two things must be proved before an accused can be convicted of being a party by aiding or abetting. The first is that the accused had knowledge that the other intended to commit an offence. The second is that the accused aided or abetted the other. Mere presence at the scene is not conclusive evidence of aiding or abetting. Under section 21(2), a person who plans an offence is just as guilty as a person who actually commits the offence. However, a person is not guilty if his/her action is not intended to assist in the commission of an offence.
Counselling: The separate offence of counselling, (s. 22), is similar to abetting but is much broader in scope. Counselling includes the acts of advising, recommending, persuading or recruiting another person to commit an offence ("procuring, soliciting or inciting"). A person who counsels does not have to be present at the scene of the crime.
Accessories After the Fact: The Criminal Code provides a penalty for a person who is an accessory after the fact as outlined in section 23. Knowingly assisting a person who has committed a crime to escape capture includes providing food, clothing, or shelter to the offender. One exception to his law is the favoured relationship between a legally married couple. A man or woman cannot be held responsible for assisting in the escape of a spouse and someone escaping with a spouse. An accessory after the fact is one who receives, comforts or assists any one who has been a party to an offence in order to enable him/her to escape, knowing him/her to be a party thereto. There are three constituent elements of the offence of being an accessory after the fact: knowledge that a crime has been committed; an intent to assist the criminal to escape; and an act or omission intended to aid a criminal.
The effect of being a party is that you are guilty of committing an offence – you can be a robber in any of the ways set out. It is not a separate offence. You criminal record will reflect that you were guilty of robbery, not abetting robbery.
After you can finish last week's work about arrests and your rights upon arrest from the All About Law textbook:
- questions 1 and 2 on page 91;
- questions 1, 3, 4, & 5 on page 97 and;
- questions 4 and 5 from page 114
B Block Law 12 - Okay, so I don't want to heap on the pressure here but it's coming down to the wire right? You have today in the library to work on your major project that is due next Thursday (that's eight classes from now). So...nose to the grindstone time; pound out the work and do the best that you can. Good Luck.
C Block Social Studies 11 - We have a school wide assembly to attend today so class first and then we'll head down to the gym.
D Block Introduction to Psychology 11 - Today we look at the treatment of mental illness and disorders.We'll look at a brief history of treatment (in a short word...Savage) and then focus on psychological therapy, including psychoanalysis, humanistic-oriented therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), play therapy, and behavioural therapy.
After our Crash Course video I'll have you answer the following:
- Imagine that you are a psychiatrist. Your patient, Pat, comes to you with the following symptoms: anxiety and feelings of sadness. Which therapeutic approach would you recommend and why?
- Usually someone is hospitalized only if they are an imminent threat to themselves or others. Describe a situation that might meet these criteria.
- Imagine that you have developed a debilitating fear of bees after recently being attacked by a swarm of them. What type of therapy do you think would be best for your disorder?
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