Exam Week Part 3a - Lithosphere: Internal Processes

OK Geography family. In case you lost your course outline here is the review. I've revised it a bit and taken a few things out...

A. The Earth’s Interior (Geosystems Chapter 11)

1. Identify how the Earth differentiated into various layers, and describe how these layers were mapped.
2. Understand a simple cross-section of the Earth to show the parts of the lithosphere, and describe the nature of those layers within the Earth; Inner and Outer Core; Mantle (Mesosphere, Asthenosphere, and Mohorovicic discontinuity); and Lithosphere (Oceanic and Continental Crust).

B. The Earth’s Crust (Geosystems Chapter 11 & 12)

1. Differentiate the rock types, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
2. Give examples of each type of rock, as well as environments where they may commonly be found.
3. Describe and understand a sketch the rock cycle.
4. What is coal? What is and where do we find: natural gas, and oil reserves? What is an ore? Give examples.
5. What is the impact of mining on the environment and the economy?
6. What is the Theory of Isostasy? Define SIMA, SIAL.

C. Plate Tectonics (Geosystems Chapter 11 & 12)

1. Understand and label a cross-section of the plate boundaries with the following features: Subduction, Volcano, Plutonic features, Igneous rock (Granite & Diorite, Rhyolite & Andesite, Gabbro & Basalt), Metamorphic rock, Sedimentary deposits, Oceanic Trench, Mid-Ocean Ridge/Rift, Continental Crust, SIAL, Oceanic Crust, SIMA, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Convection cell
2. Describe the impact (and give example locations) of a Convergent plate boundary in a · continent-oceanic crust impact · continent-continent crust impact · oceanic-oceanic crust impact
3. Describe the effects (and give example locations) of a Divergent plate boundary in a · oceanic-oceanic crust separation · continent-continent crust separation
4. Describe the effects (and give example locations) of a Transform plate boundary in a · oceanic-oceanic crust event · continent-continent crust event
5. What is Convection Theory, in regards to the movement of the crust?
6. Explain the importance of the Earth’s magnetic field to the study of plate tectonics, i.e., Sea-floor Spreading.

D. Earthquakes (Geosystems Chapter 12)

1. Describe the effects of Diastrophic movements on human activity.
2. Describe several ways in which earthquakes may be generated.
3. Understand sketch block diagrams to help define the following Fault types: · Normal fault · Reverse fault · Strike/Slip fault
4. Define and give an example of a Transform fault.
5. Define the following scales in terms of Intensity and Magnitude: · Richter scale · Mercalli scale
6. What is a Megathrust earthquake? What is the definition of a shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake? Which is the most dangerous, generally speaking?
7. What is Liquefaction?
8. Define Seismogram and Seismograph.
9. Understand a sketch of and define an Earthquake’s Epicentre and Focus.
10. What is the cause of a Tsunami? Why is the term Tidal wave not synonymous with Tsunami? What dangers does it pose?
11. Describe mountain growth in terms of: Folding and Faulting (Horst and Graben)
12. Define and understand a diagram of Anticlines and Synclines

E. Volcanoes (Geosystems Chapter 12)

1. Distinguish between the different types of volcanoes (in terms of size, shape, location, examples of, etc.): Shield Volcano, Cinder Cone, and Composite Volcano (A.K.A. Stratovolcano)
2. Compare the following eruption zones, and give examples of each: Rift (oceanic & continental), Hot Spot, Subduction Boundary (Island Arc & Mountain Chain)
3. Describe by example the effects of a volcanic eruption, i.e., human impact, impact on climate, force of eruption etc.
4. Understand a sketch of and define the nature and formation of the following Plutonic or Intrusive features: Dyke, Sill, Batholith, Laccolith
5. Identify and define the following Extrusive features: Lava flow (Aa and Pahoehoe, Pillow lava), Pyroclastics (Ash, cinders, lapilli, pumice and Volcanic Bombs)
6. Differentiate, in general terms, by associated rock type (this should also be divided into a continental and oceanic association): Lava (Rhyolite, Andesite, and Basalt) and Magma (Granite, Diorite, and Gabbro)
7. On a sketch a generic volcano label the following: Crater, Pipe / Neck, Subsidiary / Parasitic Cone
8. List and describe, a minimum of three dangers of volcanoes, including, Nuée ardente, and Lahar.
9. List and describe three benefits of volcanoes.
10. Explain what is meant by the “Ring of Fire”.