A Block Physical Geography - We're in the library for project finishing time and also...
It's aloha time family, we'll take the class to work on the Koko Head (Hawai'i Kai) topographic map assignment in your Canadian Landscape topographic map textbook (Pages 145-147).The scale of the map is 1:24000 which means 1 cm = 240m (.24km)
The contour interval is 40' (12.12m)
1. Study topographic map 1 and describe the relief from west to east across the upper half of the map
a) what is the length and width (in kilometers) of the map? What is the total area (in kilometers squared)
b) Determine the road distance (in kilometers) from BM16 in Hawaii Kai to the park in the northeast. What do you think is the significance of the white area crossed by Lunalilo Home Road?
c) Determine the road distance (in kilometers) from Holy Trinity School near Kuliouou to Halona Point. Suggest some factors that posed difficulties for the construction of State Highway 72
2. On map 1 and Photo 3 locate and name three other craters in Koko Head Park. How are they indicated on the map? How do they compare in size relative to Koko crater? Does Hanauma Bay qualify as a caldera and if so, why?
3. Identify the features labelled A to E on stereo photo 3.
a) What indicates that Koko crater has been inactive for some time?
b) What is the area (in kilometers squared) of Hanauma Bay? What do you think makes it an interesting site for an underwater park?
5. a) Along line XY, measure the distance (in km) from the shoreline to the outer edge of the coral reef. What is the average width of the reefs in Maunalua Bay on map 1?b) What is the greatest depth at which coral has formed a reef in Maunalua Bay on Map 1?
c) Find the wide break in the coral reef southwest of Kuapa Pond and suggest reasons for this gap
d) Refer to map 1 to identify the features labelled F to H on photo 5.
6. Is map 1 or photo 3 more recent? How can you tell?
a/b) Locate an area of land reclamation on the map and photo, explain why reclamation projects are needed in this area.
7. From a study of both the map and the photos, suggest how the settlement pattern has been influenced by topography
a) How has this pattern influenced population density in localized areas?
b) How has the topography created problems for highway planning? Why might traffic congestion be a problem along the shoreline highway?
B Block Criminology - Today and tomorrow we'll finish our unit on violent crime with a look at terrorism. The 2025 GTI (Global Terrorism Index) report reinforces the fact terrorism is a highly concentrated form of violence, mostly committed in a small number of countries and by a small number of groups. The deadliest terrorist groups in the world in 2024 were Islamic State (IS), Jamaat Nusrat Al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM), Tehrek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), and al-Shabaab. These four groups were responsible for 4,204 terrorism deaths, or 80 per cent of deaths that were attributed to a specific group. In 2014, these four groups were responsible for less than 40 per cent of terrorism deaths that were attributed to a group, highlighting the large global shifts in terrorism over the past decade. Terrorist activity remains highly concentrated in a small number of countries. Just ten countries accounted for 86 per cent of all terrorism deaths in 2024 (1. Burkina Faso 2. Pakistan 3. Niger 4. Mali 5. Syria). This concentration of terrorist activity has intensified over the past decade, with the proportion of total deaths occurring in the Sahel region increasing to over half, from 22 per cent a decade ago.
While terrorism as a form of violence has a major psychological impact on the societies it touches, there are other forms of violence which are more devastating. The global homicide rate is 45 times the death rate from terrorism.
The 2024 GTI indicates that in 2023, deaths from terrorism increased by 22 per cent to 8,352 deaths and are now at their highest level since 2017, although they remain 23 per cent lower than at their peak in 2015. While the number of deaths increased, the number of incidents fell, with total attacks dropping by 22 per cent to 3,350 in 2023. By far the largest single terrorist attack that occurred in 2023 was the October 7th attack by Hamas-led militants in Israel. This attack killed 1,200 people, and was the largest single terrorist attack since 9/11, and one of the largest terrorist attacks in history. Although Israel suffered the largest terrorist attack in 2023, it was not the country most impacted by terrorism. Burkina Faso is now ranked first on the GTI. Almost 2,000 people were killed in terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso from 258 incidents, accounting for nearly a quarter of all terrorist deaths globally.
Global Terrorism Index 2014 from Vision of Humanity on Vimeo.
Statistical analysis of the drivers of terrorist activity show there are two distinct sets of factors associated with terrorism, depending on whether the country is developed or developing.
The first set of factors which are closely linked to terrorist activity are political violence committed by the state and the presence of a conflict. The research finds that 93 per cent of all terrorist attacks between 1989 and 2014 occurred in countries with high levels of state sponsored terror, involving extrajudicial killing, torture, and imprisonment without trial. Similarly, over 90 per cent of all terrorist deaths occurred in countries already engaged in some form of conflict whether internal or international. This means only 0.5 per cent of terrorist attacks occurred in countries that did not suffer from conflict or political terror. This underlines the close link between existing conflicts, grievances and political violence with terrorist activity.
When analyzing the correlates of terrorism there are different factors that are statistically significant depending on the level of development. In the OECD countries, socio-economic factors such as youth unemployment, militarization, levels of criminality, access to weapons and distrust in the electoral process are the most statistically significant factors correlating with terrorism. This reinforces some of the well-known drivers of radicalization and extremism. In developing countries, the history of conflict, levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others and group based inequalities are more significantly related to terrorist activity.
Statistical analysis of the drivers of terrorist activity show there are two distinct sets of factors associated with terrorism, depending on whether the country is developed or developing.
The first set of factors which are closely linked to terrorist activity are political violence committed by the state and the presence of a conflict. The research finds that 93 per cent of all terrorist attacks between 1989 and 2014 occurred in countries with high levels of state sponsored terror, involving extrajudicial killing, torture, and imprisonment without trial. Similarly, over 90 per cent of all terrorist deaths occurred in countries already engaged in some form of conflict whether internal or international. This means only 0.5 per cent of terrorist attacks occurred in countries that did not suffer from conflict or political terror. This underlines the close link between existing conflicts, grievances and political violence with terrorist activity.
When analyzing the correlates of terrorism there are different factors that are statistically significant depending on the level of development. In the OECD countries, socio-economic factors such as youth unemployment, militarization, levels of criminality, access to weapons and distrust in the electoral process are the most statistically significant factors correlating with terrorism. This reinforces some of the well-known drivers of radicalization and extremism. In developing countries, the history of conflict, levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others and group based inequalities are more significantly related to terrorist activity.
Violent conflict remains the primary driver of terrorism, with over 90 per cent of attacks and 98 per cent of terrorism deaths in 2023 taking place in countries in conflict. All ten countries most impacted by terrorism in 2022 were also involved in an armed conflict. The intensity of terrorism in conflict is also much higher than in non-conflict countries, with an average of 2.7 fatalities per attack compared to 0.48 fatalities.
I'll have you work on the following questions:
- What is terrorism? Why do some attacks on civilians count as terrorism and others don’t? How does the motive, race, ethnic background and/or religion of the attacker affect the way attacks are responded to?
- Who carries out terrorism? Is terrorism always carried out by organized opposition groups? Can states be terrorists? Can individuals? Explain...
- Is the motive behind an act important in deciding whether it is terrorism, or should only the act itself be considered? What is the objective of terrorism? Is terrorism "violence for an audience" -- an act committed to inspire fear in the public and therefore force policy changes? Or does a terrorist act have specific strategic objectives? Does it make any difference if the perpetrators consider themselves martyrs for a religious or political cause?
- If a cause is considered legitimate, are any means to achieve its goals legitimate? How does one distinguish between a terrorist and a freedom fighter?
- Which of the five drivers of violent extremism identified in the United Nations Secretary-General's VE Action Plan do you consider to be the most significant one, and why?
- Governments have tried numerous responses to terrorism. Discuss some of these responses.
Some stuff to help with your questions:
Psychology of Terrorism
Public Safety Canada Counter Terrorism
Terrorism threatens Canada
It’s time to talk about terror in Canada
Public Safety Canada Counter Terrorism
Terrorism threatens Canada
It’s time to talk about terror in Canada
And for information on terrorism check out:
Global Terrorism Database
FBI Terrorism
Counter Terrorism Canada
2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada
National Counterterrorism Center
Today's Fit...
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