Your final assignment is to prepare for a round table discussion about what a renegotiated water compact should include. Instead of states you will be representing "user groups" (agriculture, municipalities, power generation, recreation, environmental organizations, Indigenous governments)
Consider all of the following for the round table discussion...
- How much will groups have to share?
- For what purpose should the water be used? Will it be sustainable in the face of growing populations and uncertain climate?
- How can we make our water use sustainable? Are there any conditions that need to be met before different user groups can use the water?
- The original pact for the river was made in 1922. What changes have occurred that would support changes in the pact today?
- Are all the many uses of the Colorado River compatible? If not, what should the priorities be and why?
- Are there fair ways to move water from one use to another?
- Which stakeholders have the power to make these changes?
Remember that the river is a system where all the water is allocated and there is less water available as a whole. Giving more water to any one area or user group means less water available for everyone else. You know your groups. Today research the heck out of it, keep the questions above in mind and come prepared next week to participate in the discussion and come up with solutions. FYI...
Allocation Regime (USBRUC 2005)
Water quantity:
Colorado River water was apportioned by the Colorado River Compact of 1922, the Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928, the Water Treaty of 1944, the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948, and the United States Supreme Court (Arizona v. California et al. 1963).
The Colorado River Compact divided the Colorado River Basin between the Upper and Lower Basins at Lees Ferry (just below the confluence of the Paria River), apportioning to each use of 7.5 maf annually.
In addition to this apportionment, the Lower Basin was given the right to increase its beneficial consumptive use by one maf per year. The compact also contains provisions governing exportation of Colorado River water. The Water Treaty of 1944 obligates the United States to deliver to Mexico 1.5 maf of Colorado River water annually, absent treaty surplus or shortage conditions.
Upper Colorado use
The Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 divided and apportioned the water apportioned to the Upper Colorado River Basin by the Colorado River Compact, allocating to Arizona 50,000 acre-feet annually, with the remaining water allocated to Upper Colorado River Basin States as follows:
- Colorado 51.75%
- New Mexico 11.25%
- Utah 23%
- Wyoming 14%
Lower Colorado use
States of the Lower Colorado River Basin did not agree to a compact for the apportionment of waters in the Lower Colorado River Basin; in the absence of such a compact Congress, through Secretarial contracts authorized by the Boulder Canyon Project Act, allocated water from the mainstem of the Colorado River below Lees Ferry among California, Nevada, and Arizona, and the Gila River between Arizona and New Mexico. This apportionment was upheld by the Supreme Court, in 1963, in the case of Arizona v. California. As confirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1963, from the mainstem of the Colorado River (i.e., The Lower Basin):
- Nevada was apportioned 300,000 acre-feet annually and 4% of surplus water available
- Arizona was apportioned 2,800,000 acre-feet annually and 46% of surplus water available; and
- California was apportioned 4,400,000 acre-feet annually and 50% of surplus water available.
Mexico
The Water Treaty of 1944 obligates the United States to deliver to Mexico 1.5 maf of Colorado River water annually, absent treaty surplus or shortage conditions.
User priority on the Colorado River is determined by the first "useful purposing" of the water. For example, the irrigated agriculture in California has priority over some municipal water supplies for Phoenix, Ariz. You'll look at hydrograph analysis and calculations around volume loss in reservoirs. Before the advent of Bureau of Reclamation dams - Hoover and Glen Canyon - the Colorado River flowed freely to the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez). In 1920, a stream gage near Yuma, Arizona recorded ~129,000 cubic feet per second (~3,600 cubic meters per second). After Hoover Dam was constructed, flow near Yuma fell below ~ 500 cms. Maximum flow declined further after Glen Canyon Dam came on line, to below ~ 100 cms. The units of this historical hydrograph are cubic meters per second on the y-axis and years on the x-axis. These data show that annual floods on the Colorado River are a pale shadow of the pre-dam period.
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| https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/taming-colorado-river-20th-century |
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| Colorado River Supply and Use |
Western states chart diverging paths as water shortages loom
B Block Physical Geography - Today I'll have you work on the Juan de Fuca Plate and Geothermal energy questions in your Week 4/5 package. For the Juan de Fuca question use Focus Study 11.1 "Tectonic Setting of the Pacific Coast of Canada" in the Geosystems text Chapter 11 pages 358-360 and for the Geothermal energy question use both the videos below and Focus Study 11.2 "Heat from Earth - Geothermal Energy and Power" also in the Geosystems text Chapter 11 pages 363-365 . I'll show you some information on geothermal energy plants and you'll get some time to work on the assignment. For help with the geothermal energy check out:
USGS Other Energy Sources (Geothermal)
Canadian Geothermal Energy Association
US Energy Information Agency Energy Kids Geothermal
"Benson does her best to help a rape victim who is able to describe her attack in perfect detail, yet unable to properly identify her attacker when push comes to shove. When the detectives revisit the case a few months later, they find the woman even less willing to talk about what happened, as she claims she has moved on."
I want you to think hard during this episode and pay careful attention to what happens with Harper's character. What are the short and long term impacts on victims of Crime? I want you to think hard during this episode and pay careful attention to what happens with Harper's character as it will form a base for your blog entry on Monday. Try to take notes and have a discussion on what the short and long term impacts the sexual assault had on the character Harper in the episode. Finally remember, I'd like you to read through the "Nature of Victimization" on pages 53-5
and 57-58 and "Theories of Victimization" dealing with Victim Precipitation,
Lifestyle, and Routine Activities on pages 59-62 in the CRIM text.
After discussing these sections your job will be to complete the
following:
- Briefly outline and explain the patterns we've identified in victimization (social ecology, household, personal characteristics and repeat victimization)
- Explain the three theories of crime victimization.
BC Ministry of Justice Victims and Witnesses of Crime and Violence
Victim Link BC
National Office for Victims
Victim Services Corrections Canada
Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime
There is a good CBC article here on the costs associated with victims of violent crime.
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