Your assignment is to prepare for a round table discussion about what a renegotiated water compact should include. Instead of states you will be representing "user groups" (agriculture, municipalities, power generation, recreation, environmental organizations, Indigenous governments)
Consider all of the following for the round table discussion...
- How much will groups have to share?
- For what purpose should the water be used? Will it be sustainable in the face of growing populations and uncertain climate?
- How can we make our water use sustainable? Are there any conditions that need to be met before different user groups can use the water?
- The original pact for the river was made in 1922. What changes have occurred that would support changes in the pact today?
- Are all the many uses of the Colorado River compatible? If not, what should the priorities be and why?
- Are there fair ways to move water from one use to another?
- Which stakeholders have the power to make these changes?
Remember that the river is a system where all the water is allocated and there is less water available as a whole. Giving more water to any one area or user group means less water available for everyone else. You know your groups. Today research the heck out of it, keep the questions above in mind and come prepared next week to participate in the discussion and come up with solutions. FYI...
Allocation Regime (USBRUC 2005)
Water quantity:
Colorado River water was apportioned by the Colorado River Compact of 1922, the Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928, the Water Treaty of 1944, the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948, and the United States Supreme Court (Arizona v. California et al. 1963).
The Colorado River Compact divided the Colorado River Basin between the Upper and Lower Basins at Lees Ferry (just below the confluence of the Paria River), apportioning to each use of 7.5 maf annually.
In addition to this apportionment, the Lower Basin was given the right to increase its beneficial consumptive use by one maf per year. The compact also contains provisions governing exportation of Colorado River water. The Water Treaty of 1944 obligates the United States to deliver to Mexico 1.5 maf of Colorado River water annually, absent treaty surplus or shortage conditions.
Upper Colorado use
The Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 divided and apportioned the water apportioned to the Upper Colorado River Basin by the Colorado River Compact, allocating to Arizona 50,000 acre-feet annually, with the remaining water allocated to Upper Colorado River Basin States as follows:
- Colorado 51.75%
- New Mexico 11.25%
- Utah 23%
- Wyoming 14%
Lower Colorado use
States of the Lower Colorado River Basin did not agree to a compact for the apportionment of waters in the Lower Colorado River Basin; in the absence of such a compact Congress, through Secretarial contracts authorized by the Boulder Canyon Project Act, allocated water from the mainstem of the Colorado River below Lees Ferry among California, Nevada, and Arizona, and the Gila River between Arizona and New Mexico. This apportionment was upheld by the Supreme Court, in 1963, in the case of Arizona v. California. As confirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1963, from the mainstem of the Colorado River (i.e., The Lower Basin):
- Nevada was apportioned 300,000 acre-feet annually and 4% of surplus water available
- Arizona was apportioned 2,800,000 acre-feet annually and 46% of surplus water available; and
- California was apportioned 4,400,000 acre-feet annually and 50% of surplus water available.
Mexico
The Water Treaty of 1944 obligates the United States to deliver to Mexico 1.5 maf of Colorado River water annually, absent treaty surplus or shortage conditions.
User priority on the Colorado River is determined by the first "useful purposing" of the water. For example, the irrigated agriculture in California has priority over some municipal water supplies for Phoenix, Ariz. You'll look at hydrograph analysis and calculations around volume loss in reservoirs. Before the advent of Bureau of Reclamation dams - Hoover and Glen Canyon - the Colorado River flowed freely to the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez). In 1920, a stream gage near Yuma, Arizona recorded ~129,000 cubic feet per second (~3,600 cubic meters per second). After Hoover Dam was constructed, flow near Yuma fell below ~ 500 cms. Maximum flow declined further after Glen Canyon Dam came on line, to below ~ 100 cms. The units of this historical hydrograph are cubic meters per second on the y-axis and years on the x-axis. These data show that annual floods on the Colorado River are a pale shadow of the pre-dam period.
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| https://azgs.arizona.edu/photo/taming-colorado-river-20th-century |
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| Colorado River Supply and Use |
Western states chart diverging paths as water shortages loom
For the last question you'll need to choose one of the following demographic variables using the World Population Data Sheet and create a choropleth map showing the distribution of that indicator on a world outline map. The PRB World Population Data map is an example of a Choropleth Map. Use it to help you create yours, just select the indicator you wish to create and it will make a choropleth map that you can recreate.
Infant Mortality
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Total Fertility Rate
Life Expectancy
Human rights violations are a daily occurrence throughout the world. These violations take place in both the North and the South and affect the civil, economic, political, cultural, social, and equality rights of human beings. These violations are in direct opposition to the universal and inalienable rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Fortunately, organizations around the world work on protecting these rights, partly through education and awareness campaigns
Artists, both visual artists and musicians, often comment on human rights issues through their artwork. Assume the role of the Media Outreach Coordinator for a particular human rights organization (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, etc.) and research a contemporary case of human rights violations somewhere in the world. Based on your research, create a Human Rights Campaign Poster that educates the greater public about the human rights violations and urges them to take action to end the abuse.
Remember...
- Human rights are the basic standards human beings need to live life with freedom and dignity. Human rights include fundamental civil and political rights, such as the right to free speech, to freedom of religion, and the right to participate in government. Human rights also include essential economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to education, to work, and to healthcare.
- Human rights are the rights that all people have simply because they are human beings. Each of these rights are inalienable; they cannot be denied or taken away from any individual. They are also indivisible; all human rights are equally important and one right cannot be taken away because it is said to be less important than another.
- Finally, human rights are interdependent, all human rights are connected and you cannot guarantee one right without ensuring that other rights are protected.
1. Choose a contemporary case of human rights violations, as well as an organization that is working on ending the abuse.
2. Research your case study using the following websites: Amnesty International (click on campaigns); Human Rights Watch (click on Global Issues); Oneworld (click on In Depth then Human Rights); United for Human Rights; Youth For Human Rights or the BBC "I Have a Right to..." site and complete the following questions to help with your poster Case Study:
What is happening? Where is it taking place? What rights are being violated? Who is having their rights violated? Why are their rights being violated?
3. Create a visually appealing Human Rights Campaign Poster that addresses the human rights violation by incorporating the key information from the questions in point 2 above (in point form) as well as pictures, symbols, and colours. Remember, your poster should seek to draw the attention of the public through the balanced combination of text and visuals in a creative, yet educational manner!
Some examples of Human Rights posters...
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Illustrated Universal Declaration of Human Rights
So here's an example of a contemporary Human Rights issue...
Online Examples of Human Rights Posters:
"Women's Rights Are Human Rights" poster exhibition in Boston
The City College of New York’s Human Rights Forum
Stand Up 4 Human Rights
Poster For Tomorrow
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