9:15 - 11:50 C Block Social and Environmental Sciences
12:30 - 3:05 B Block Legal Studies
C Block Social and Environmental Sciences - Yesterday we found out some important things...We learned that water is has a high specific heat; has high latent heats of fusion and evaporation; freezes at 0°C; boils at 100°C and conducts heat better than most liquids; that the Density of Water (r) = 1.00 g/cm3; with a max density at 4°C and has a high surface tension.
We also saw that oceans contain on average ~ 3.5% dissolved salts (by weight). Any substance dissolved in a liquid has the effect of increasing the density of the liquid…Dissolved ions in Water also increase the conductivity (salinity) so… the Density of Fresh Water (r) ~ 1.00 g/cm3 while the Density of Seawater (r) ~ 1.03 g/cm3
Dissolved substances in Water depresses the freezing Point (and elevates the boiling point)…so the Freezing Point of Freshwater ~ 0°C while the Freezing Point of Seawater ~ -2°C
We learned that Ocean Stability/Structure Density (r) = π΄πππ/π½πππππ = π/π½ and for a fluid like seawater, anything that affects m or V can change density…(Salinity, Temperature, Pressure) so...
πsw = π"sw"(T, S, p) in other words, the density of seawater (πsw) is a nonlinear function of temperature (T), salinity (S), and Pressure (p).
- In general πsw↓ as T↑ but depends on T & p
- πsw↑ as S↑
- πsw↑ as p↑; but minor effect < 5km depth when compared to T,S
The density of seawater can be increased by reducing its temperature, increasing its salinity, or increasing the pressure. Salinity has a greater influence on density but in (most) open ocean waters (< 5 km depth), temperature controls structure…
When we talk about pressure in the ocean, we are referring to hydrostatic pressure, which is a result of the weight of the water column pressing down on an object due to gravity. The deeper you go, the more water that is above you, and the greater the weight (and thus pressure) of that water.
Generally ocean temperatures range from about -2° to 30° C (28-86° F). The warmest water tends to be surface water in low latitude regions (Tropics!), while the surface water at the poles is obviously much colder. Water is warmest at the surface, as it is warmed by the sun, and the sun’s rays can only penetrate depths less than 1000 m. Since the surface water is warmer it is also less dense than the deep water, so it remains at the surface where it can be warmed even more.
Why is this a big deal? Structure and stability influences Biogeochemical Cycles (you know that stuff Benton is helping you take a look at...ALGAE!)…In the tropics the surface water is warm and low density, and there is a pronounced thermocline separating it from the colder, denser deep water. This stratification prevents nutrient-rich water from reaching the surface and as a result tropical regions often have low productivity. In the high latitudes the water is uniformly cold at all depths, so there is little density stratification. This allows cold, nutrient-rich deep water to more easily mix with the surface water, leading to higher primary production in polar regions.
For me in terms of ocean movement we found out that that the dominant forces for ocean dynamics (changing magnitude and direction) are:
- Gravity (which is the dominant force) where the weight of water produces pressure (and changes in horizontal pressure gradients due to the varying weight of water cause movement). Further to this, changes in gravity (sun and moon) produces tides, tidal currents, and tidal mixing. Side Note...Buoyancy = upward or downward force due to gravity acting on adjacent parcels of water of different densities
- Friction which is a force acting on a fluid (water or air) parcel as it moves past another body while in contact with that body. We learned that wind stress = friction due to wind blowing across the sea surface; that transfers horizontal momentum to the sea which creating currents (and waves). For most of the interior of the ocean and atmosphere friction is relatively small → assume flow is frictionless. At boundaries between fluids (and “solids”) friction becomes important = viscous layer = boundary layer
- Coriolis Force = dominant pseudo-force influencing motion in coordinate system fixed to the earth (deflecting movement to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (increasing in strength as you move poleward from the Equator).
We learned that insolation (the measure of solar radiation received) is uneven and a function of the length of daylight hours, the latitude and the solar declination angle which are products of the Earth’s oblate spheroid shape; its tilt; its orbit; and its rotation. This Differential Heating is connected to the major High and Low pressure bands which cause our prevailing winds (remember air moves from a High to a Low) which affect the surface ocean currents/ocean dynamics because it is these prevailing winds that blow across the water surface to create the major ocean surface currents (see friction / boundary layer note above)
Whew! Today we'll work through the wind driven ocean circulation activity and worksheet.
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| NOTE: | Sheldon J. Plankton is zooplankton not phytoplankton |
In February 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Carter v. Canada that parts of the Criminal Code would need to change to satisfy the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The parts that prohibited medical assistance in dying would no longer be valid. So in June 2016, the Parliament of Canada passed federal legislation that allows eligible Canadian adults to request medical assistance in dying. HOWEVER a Quebec court ruling struck down the existing legislation on medically assisted death on the grounds that it was too restrictive. The court gave the government until Dec. 18 (2020) to implement a new regime. Bill C-7, (the proposed new MAID law) expands the categories of those eligible for the procedure, opening it up to people whose deaths aren't reasonably foreseeable, but imposes strict guidelines for people seeking assisted death as part of that category, including a 90-day waiting period.
After, we'll talk about equality and look at section 15 of the Charter. We'll look at the difference between prejudice and discrimination. Equality is understood to have four meanings:
1. Equal before the law
2. Equal under the law
3. Equal benefit
4. Equal protection
I'll have you work on questions:
1. Equal before the law
2. Equal under the law
3. Equal benefit
4. Equal protection
It may be surprising to note that this clause was one of the more controversial issues of the constitutional debate. Some provinces did not see the need for equality rights to be written into the Charter since provincially human rights codes were seen as protection enough.
The phrase "before and under the law" is significant because it means that not only do people have equal access to the courts and to equal administration of justice (the "before" part) but that the laws that are discriminatory will be struck down by the courts (the "under" part). So in Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143 Mark Andrews met all the requirements to become a lawyer in British Columbia, but he did not have Canadian citizenship. Because he did not meet the citizenship requirement, he was not accepted. Andrews challenged the provincial law, which prevented him from being a lawyer, arguing that it was discriminatory since it treated non-citizens and Canadian citizens differently. The majority of the Supreme Court decided that the provincial law infringed equality rights, because it did not let otherwise qualified people practice law solely because of their citizenship.
This case was the Court’s first decision on equality rights. It has influenced the development of equality law well beyond the specific facts of Mr. Andrew’s case, because Justice McIntyre emphasized that section 15 of the Charter protects and promotes substantive equality of opportunity for all.
- 1-3 on page 54;
- 1, 2 and 5 on page 56;
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