D Block Human Geography 11 - So today we'll continue with the key question Why Are Nation-states Difficult to Create? We'll look at Colonialism and see if there are still colonies today (spoiler alert there are)
- By definition, what is a colony?
- Define colonialism
- Summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies.
- Which country had the largest empire? Second largest?
- List the largest remaining colonies in the world and who possesses each.
C Block Criminology 12 - Today we'll discuss murder and homicide. We'll discuss the divisions of murder in Canada (1st and 2nd degree and manslaughter), the extent of murder in Canada, and murderous relations (acquaintance and stranger homicide).After, we'll try to make sense of mass and serial murder. As for Mass Murder check out:
1,516 mass shootings in 1,735 days
Mass Shooting Tracker
Gun Violence Archive
and for help with why check out:
Why are most mass murderers men?
A terrifying link between mass murder and domestic violence
Mass Shootings in the United States: 2009-2016
Why mass shootings keep happening
Mental Illness Is Not the Main Cause of Mass Shootings in America
Scientists Try To Explain What Makes A Mass Murderer
Why Better Mental-Health Care Won't Stop Mass Shootings
And of course the Valentine's Day massacre at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida.
I'd like you to:
Explain the types of serial and mass murderer along with the reasons why they commit these crimes.
You can find the answers to this in the work of Jack Levin and James Alan Fox "Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder". The summary of their work is on pages 209 and 210 of the textbook in the Criminological Enterprise section.
B Block Introduction to Law 10 - I have the library booked so that you may work on the Clue Us In crime scene investigation project. Please note that your library time is coming to a close so please don't waste time. Remember you need to create a crime...replicate the crime scene...investigate the crime as if you were an R.C.M.P. officer...and prepare a dossier file to hand over to Crown Counsel so that they may prosecute the case. It's due Friday...Good Luck. Check out the Crime Museum (Crime Library Forensic Science) website for sweet info!
A Block Law 12 - I'll have you read through "Our Criminal Court System" from pages 134-136 and complete questions 1-5 on page 138. After, please read each scenario and determine what court would address the issue.
- A trial is taking place for a person who is charged with the summary conviction offence of pretending to practise witchcraft contrary to section 365 of the Criminal Code.
- An issue of national importance has been dealt with by the provincial supreme court and the provincial court of appeal. The party that lost at the court of appeal wants the issue reconsidered.
- A trial is being held about an intellectual property matter.
- The Crown thinks that a sentence given in the provincial supreme court for a person convicted of sexual assault is too lenient and is appealing the sentence.
- A person is charged with the indictable offence of aggravated assault and is having their preliminary hearing.
- A person is on trial for the indictable offence of impaired driving causing death.
- A person loses their copyright case and wants to have the decision reviewed by a higher court.
- A person was convicted of a summary conviction offence and is appealing the decision.
- The provincial court of appeal makes a decision. What courts are bound to follow that decision?
- In a split decision, the court of appeal affirms the conviction of a person charged with murder. The convicted individual wants the case considered by a higher court.
To Help...
The Criminal Court System in Canada
Provincial Courts — Criminal Division (example: the British Columbia Provincial Court)
This is the trial court that most students will be familiar with as it involves the finding of facts, witness testimony, and the introduction of evidence. If a mistake is made at this stage, then an appeal can be made to a higher court. This court:
• arraigns the accused (reads the charge and enters the plea) in all criminal cases
• holds preliminary hearings for most severe indictable offences, where the accused elects to have the case tried in a higher court
• hears and tries criminal summary conviction cases and the least serious indictable offences such as theft under $5000
The judges in this court are appointed by the provincial governments.
Provincial Superior Court — Appeals and Trials (example: the British Columbia Supreme Court)
This court is the court of first appeal with respect to criminal cases arising in the provincial court. This court:
• tries the more severe crimes such as manslaughter and sexual assault, and the most severe indictable offences such as murder and armed robbery
• hears criminal appeals in summary conviction cases
• sets provincial precedent; decisions must be followed by provincial court judges in that province
• can be composed of a judge alone or a judge and jury
The judges in this court are appointed by the federal government.
Provincial Court of Appeal (example: the British Columbia Court of Appeal)
This is the highest court and the final court of appeal in the province. Many appeals stop here as the Supreme Court of Canada accepts only appeals that are deemed to be of great importance. Appeals are heard by three or more judges, depending on the case. Their decisions may be either unanimous or majority judgments. Split two-to-one judgments are not uncommon. When the court releases its decision, it also provides explanations for the majority vote, and dissenting judges provide their reasons for disagreeing. This court:
• hears appeals from the trial division of provincial superior courts
• sets provincial precedent; decisions must be followed by all judges in that province
• has three to five judges to hear all appeals
The judges in this court are appointed by the federal government.
Federal Courts
This is Canada’s national court system that hears legal disputes with the federal government. In 2003, the former Federal Court of Canada was separated into two distinct courts: the Federal Court, and the Federal Court of Appeal. The Federal Court has jurisdiction over cases involving federal government boards, tribunals and commissions, and issues within federal jurisdiction. These include immigration and citizenship matters, and intellectual property (such as copyright and trademark issues), as well as cases involving the federal government. The Federal Court of Appeal hears appeals of decisions by the Federal Court. Decisions of this court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Both the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal have regional offices in all major cities in Canada, although the judges and the main court facilities are located in Ottawa.
Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) is the final court of appeal in our country. Even though the SCC is the highest court in the land, not all parties — individuals, organizations, or even governments — have the right to appeal to it. Before it agrees to hear an appeal, the court determines if the issue is of great importance or if a question of law must be decided or interpreted. However, there is an automatic right of appeal when there is a split decision from a provincial court of appeal. Like the provincial courts of appeal, the SCC may be either unanimous or split. The Supreme Court of Canada:
• has unlimited jurisdiction in criminal matters
• hears appeals from provincial appeal courts and the Federal Court of Appeal
• hears cases of national importance (for example, interprets the Charter of Rights and Freedoms or clarifies a criminal law matter)
• generally grants leave (permission) before the appeal will be heard
• sets a national precedent in its judgments; these decisions must be followed by all judges in all courts of Canada
The nine judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the federal government and can serve until age 75.
EVERYONE should read this Globe & Mail article on former Supreme Court Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin who retired from the Supreme Court of Canada last December. From the article...
The Criminal Court System in Canada
Provincial Courts — Criminal Division (example: the British Columbia Provincial Court)
This is the trial court that most students will be familiar with as it involves the finding of facts, witness testimony, and the introduction of evidence. If a mistake is made at this stage, then an appeal can be made to a higher court. This court:
• arraigns the accused (reads the charge and enters the plea) in all criminal cases
• holds preliminary hearings for most severe indictable offences, where the accused elects to have the case tried in a higher court
• hears and tries criminal summary conviction cases and the least serious indictable offences such as theft under $5000
The judges in this court are appointed by the provincial governments.
Provincial Superior Court — Appeals and Trials (example: the British Columbia Supreme Court)
This court is the court of first appeal with respect to criminal cases arising in the provincial court. This court:
• tries the more severe crimes such as manslaughter and sexual assault, and the most severe indictable offences such as murder and armed robbery
• hears criminal appeals in summary conviction cases
• sets provincial precedent; decisions must be followed by provincial court judges in that province
• can be composed of a judge alone or a judge and jury
The judges in this court are appointed by the federal government.
Provincial Court of Appeal (example: the British Columbia Court of Appeal)
This is the highest court and the final court of appeal in the province. Many appeals stop here as the Supreme Court of Canada accepts only appeals that are deemed to be of great importance. Appeals are heard by three or more judges, depending on the case. Their decisions may be either unanimous or majority judgments. Split two-to-one judgments are not uncommon. When the court releases its decision, it also provides explanations for the majority vote, and dissenting judges provide their reasons for disagreeing. This court:
• hears appeals from the trial division of provincial superior courts
• sets provincial precedent; decisions must be followed by all judges in that province
• has three to five judges to hear all appeals
The judges in this court are appointed by the federal government.
Federal Courts
This is Canada’s national court system that hears legal disputes with the federal government. In 2003, the former Federal Court of Canada was separated into two distinct courts: the Federal Court, and the Federal Court of Appeal. The Federal Court has jurisdiction over cases involving federal government boards, tribunals and commissions, and issues within federal jurisdiction. These include immigration and citizenship matters, and intellectual property (such as copyright and trademark issues), as well as cases involving the federal government. The Federal Court of Appeal hears appeals of decisions by the Federal Court. Decisions of this court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Both the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal have regional offices in all major cities in Canada, although the judges and the main court facilities are located in Ottawa.
Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) is the final court of appeal in our country. Even though the SCC is the highest court in the land, not all parties — individuals, organizations, or even governments — have the right to appeal to it. Before it agrees to hear an appeal, the court determines if the issue is of great importance or if a question of law must be decided or interpreted. However, there is an automatic right of appeal when there is a split decision from a provincial court of appeal. Like the provincial courts of appeal, the SCC may be either unanimous or split. The Supreme Court of Canada:
• has unlimited jurisdiction in criminal matters
• hears appeals from provincial appeal courts and the Federal Court of Appeal
• hears cases of national importance (for example, interprets the Charter of Rights and Freedoms or clarifies a criminal law matter)
• generally grants leave (permission) before the appeal will be heard
• sets a national precedent in its judgments; these decisions must be followed by all judges in all courts of Canada
The nine judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the federal government and can serve until age 75.
EVERYONE should read this Globe & Mail article on former Supreme Court Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin who retired from the Supreme Court of Canada last December. From the article...
Ultimately, her achievements were remarkable. She would go on to help shape Canadians' fundamental rights as much as any judge in the country's history, from the legalization of assisted dying, to a huge expansion of Indigenous rights, to a rebalancing of how police and the legal system treat people accused of crimes.
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